A short episode of moderate volcanic tremor was detected in early August, but otherwise seismicity remained low. Gas-and-steam emissions persisted during August through October at relatively high rates (figures 97 and 98). Recent rainfall has created small ponds of water on the crater floor, though they did not infiltrate the vent areas. Subsidence continued to be observed in the active vent area, as well as along the main crater wall, S and W of the active vents. Temperatures in the active vents remained high (540☌) and volcanic gases persisted at moderate rate, similar to those measured since May, according to an observation flight made during the week of 30 July. Minor volcanic unrest continued in July the level of volcanic tremors has remained generally low, with the exception of two short bursts of moderate volcanic tremors in at the beginning of the month.
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On 16 June the VAL was lowered to 1 (minor volcanic unrest) and on 22 June the Aviation Color Code had decreased to Green. Thermal infrared images taken during the flight showed that the lava lobes were still hot, at 450☌, and continued to generate incandescence that was visible at night in webcams. Courtesy of GeoNet.Īn observation flight made on 3 June reported a decline in gas flux compared to the measurements made on 28 May. Photo of a strong gas-and-steam plume rising above Whakaari/White Island on. During a gas observation flight on 28 May there was a short-lived gas pulse, accompanied by an increase in SO 2 and CO 2 emissions, and minor inflation in the vent area (figure 96).įigure 96. Satellite-based measurements recorded several centimeters of subsidence in the ground around the active vent area since December 2019. Tremor levels remained low with occasional slightly elevated episodes, which included some shallow-source volcanic earthquakes. On 20 May, the lava lobes remained hot, with temperatures around 500☌ a nighttime glow from the gas emissions surrounding the lava was visible in webcam images. Monitoring flights noted that SO 2 and CO 2 emissions had increased briefly during 20-27 May. Whakaari remained at an elevated state of unrest during May, consisting of dominantly gas-and-steam emissions. A GeoNet report issued on 16 April stated that high temperatures were apparent in the vent area at night. During April, public reports mentioned heightened gas-and-steam activity, but no eruptions were detected. Small-scale water jetting continued to be observed in the vent area. SO 2 and CO 2 gas emissions remained elevated, though had overall decreased since December 2019. Similar activity was reported in March and April the temperatures of the fumaroles and lava in the Main Crater were 746☌ on 10 March, the highest recorded temperature to date. Gas data showed a steady decline in SO 2 and CO 2 levels, though overall they were still slightly elevated. A small pond of water had begun to form in the vent area and exhibited small-scale gas-and-steam-driven water jetting, similar to the activity during September-December 2019. Thermal infrared data indicated that the fumarolic gases and five lobes of lava that were first observed in early January 2020 in the Main Crater were 550-570☌ on 4 February and 660☌ on 19 February. GeoNet reported that satellite data showed some subsidence along the W wall of the Main Crater and near the 1914 landslide scarp, though the rate had reduced compared to previous months. During February through 22 June, the Volcanic Activity Level (VAL) remained at a 2 (moderate to heightened volcanic unrest) and the Aviation Color Code was Yellow. This report updates information from February through November 2020, which includes dominantly gas-and-steam emissions along with elevated surface temperatures, using reports from the New Zealand GeoNet Project, the Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), and satellite data.Īctivity at Whakaari/White Island has declined and has been dominated by white gas-and-steam emissions during the reporting period no explosive eruptive activity has been detected since 9 December 2019.
The most recent eruption occurred on 9 December 2019, which consisted of an explosion that generated an ash plume and pyroclastic surge that affected the entire crater area, resulting in 21 fatalities and many injuries (BGVN 45:02). Activity has been previously characterized by phreatic activity, explosions, and ash emissions (BGVN 42:05). Whakaari/White Island, located in the Bay of Plenty 50 km offshore of North Island, has been New Zealand’s most active volcano since 1976. Gas-and-steam emissions with some re-suspended ash in November 2020